⁹⁰Sr is one of the main hazardous elements in nuclear waste with strong radioactivity and high heat release, Ba is a simulant for ²²⁶Ra due to their similar ion exchange behaviors, and [UO₂]²⁺ ions with high water solubility can easily enter the food chain with serious health effects. Therefore, it is of great significance to capture these ions for environmental protection.  

Cluster-based functional materials have been reported in the field of removing radioactive ions, however, it is mainly focused on polyoxometalates (POMs) such as polyoxomolybdates. Other types of cluster-based compounds for removal of radioactive ions are still limited.  

In a recent study published in ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., Prof. FENG Meiling from Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter(FJIRSM) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, reported the first Sb-oxo-cluster-based material, namely (H₃O)₇[Cd₇Sb₂₄O₂₄(L-tta)₉(L-Htta)₃(H₂O)₆]·29H₂O (FJSM-CA), for capturing Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, and [UO₂]²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions.  

FJSM-CA is the first case of organic-inorganic hybrid compounds based on the cadmium-antimony oxo-cluster. It contains two types of bowl-shaped anion clusters, namely, {[Cd₄Sb₂₄O₂₄(L-tta)₉](L-Htta)₃}^13- and {(L-Htta)₃[Cd₄Sb₂₄O₂₄(L-tta)₉]Cd₃(H₂O)₆}^7-, which are the largest hybrid Sb-oxo-cluster units so far.  

{[Cd₄Sb₂₄O₂₄(L-tta)₉](L-Htta)₃}^13- and {(L-Htta)₃[Cd₄Sb₂₄O₂₄(L-tta)₉]Cd₃(H₂O)₆}^7- are connected by [CdO₄(H₂O)₂] units to form a two-dimensional honeycomb anionic layer of [Cd₇Sb₂₄O₂₄(L-tta)₉(L-Htta)₃(H₂O)₆]_n^7n-. [H₃O]⁺ as counter cations are filled in between the anion layers. Stability studies show that FJSM-CA has excellent water/solvent- and acid/alkali-resistances and radiation stabilities. 

The advantages of FJSM-CA as ion-exchange material include rapid kinetics, high exchange capacity and high selectivity. FJSM-CA exhibits fast adsorption abilities with short equilibrium times for Sr²⁺ (2 min), Ba²⁺ (10 min), and [UO₂]²⁺ (20 min). It has high adsorption capacity for uranium (q_m^U = 121.91 mg/g) than those of a series of MOFs including SZ-2/SZ-3 (58.18 mg/g), UiO-66 (109.9 mg/g), and MIL-101-NH₂ (90 mg/g). FJSM-CA shows high removal rate R (96%) and distribution coefficient K_d^U (2.46 × 10⁴ mL/g) for uranium in the presence of Sr² and Ba²⁺ ions. 

The researchers revealed the ion-exchange mechanisms at the atomic level by single-crystal structural analyses, which is attributed to strong electrostatic interactions between the highly negative-charged layers and exchanged cations, and the strong coordination effect of the carboxyl functional group on Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ and [UO₂]²⁺ ions.  

Besides, structural transformations occur after ion-exchange, that is, the two-dimensional structure of FJSM-CA is changed to three-dimensional ones of FJSM-CA-Sr, FJSM-CA-Ba and FJSM-CA-UO₂. 

This study not only presents the first case of removal of radionuclides by Sb-oxo-cluster-based materials but also provides an important research foundation for the deep understanding of the relationship between structure and property. 

The uptake of Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ and [UO₂]²⁺ ions into a Sb-oxo-cluster-based material with structural transformation (Image by Prof. FENG Meiling).