Synthetic organic polymers are typically insoluble polycrystalline or amorphous products rather than single crystals. The direct synthesis of single-crystal porous polymers remains a challenge in polymer science and crystal engineering.
However, many biomacromolecules found in nature can achieve single-crystal form assisted with multiple supramolecular interactions, implying that reversible supramolecular interactions can be used to modulate the crystallinity of porous polymer materials.
In a study published in Nature Synthesis
, the research groups led by Prof. LIU Tianfu and Prof. CAO Rong from Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter of the Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed a strategy to achieve single crystals of a porous polymer.
In the hierarchical structures of natural protein crystals and some nucleic acids, 1D covalent chains generate highly crystalline or even single-crystal products through a synergistic combination of non-covalent supramolecular interactions, and further fold into specific spatial conformations as secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. Inspired by this, the researchers envisioned that the judicious choice of 1D chains with tunable dynamic covalent bonds and supramolecular interactions might yield direct synthesis of a single-crystal porous polymer with desired cavities, ion channels and functionalities.
They designed and synthesized a single-crystal porous Polymer-based Hydrogen-bonded Organic Framework (PHOF-1) through a one-pot route and confirmed its structure by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
The researchers found that 1,4-phenylenebisboronic acid monomers polymerize into a tetramer to afford a nine-membered B4O52- cluster (primary structure), which further extends into 1D covalent chains (secondary structure) that are non–covalently cross-linked by hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions (tertiary structure), ultimately evolving to afford a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (quaternary structure).
Compared to insoluble 2D or 3D crosslinked porous polymers, the 1D polymer chains showed excellent solubility and solution processability. The dissolved PHOF-1 maintained the consecutive one-dimensional chain structure with a very narrow molecular weight distributionand and can regenerate reversibly in single-crystal or amorphous states depending on the solvent evaporation rate.
Taking advantage of the solution processibility, the researchers continuously coated PHOF-1 onto a non-woven fabric to afford a functional composite textile capable of capturing NH3.
This design strategy may open a new avenue for the exploration of single-crystal porous polymer materials with precise structural information, confined pore spaces, and straightforward solution processibility.
Hierarchical structures of porous polymer-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework（Image by Prof. LIU’s group）
Contact:
Prof. LIU Tianfu
Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Email: tfliu@fjirsm.ac.cn
